Background: MiR-196a is particularly noticeable in the development of liver cancer. However, the rapid degradation by ribonuclease (RNase) imposes a limit on the miRNA gene therapy applications.
Aims: To design a novel gene-targeting nano system for liver cancer treatment.
Study Design: Cell culture study and animal experimentation
Methods: Deacetylated (DEAC)-poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG)-folic acid (FA) was prepared via ethyl (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide reaction, and miR-196a inhibitor (miR-196a I)/DEAC-PNAG-FA was prepared through self-assembly. The characterization and nucleic acid protection of the self-assembly system were also determined. The biological function and related mechanism of the prepared system were studied at cellular and molecular levels. Mice were established as a xenotransplantation model to evaluate the anticancer capacity of miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA in vivo.
Results: The morphology of miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA was uniform, and its particle size was approximately 70–100 nm. A nanocarrier with an N/P ratio of 200:1 can maximize the nucleic acid carrying capacity of the self-assembly system. The nanosystem can protect miRNA from RNase degradation and could be internalized rapidly within 4 h. The self-assembly system significantly enhanced the apoptosis-inducing effect of miR-196a I on HepG2 cells (P = 0.003). Molecular biological analyses confirmed that the apoptosis-inducing effect of the nanosystem was due to the inhibition of miR-196a gene expression in HepG2 cells, which upregulate the expression of pro-apoptotic proteins FOXO1 (P < 0.001), Bax (P < 0.001), Ki67 (P < 0.001), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (P < 0.001), and inhibit the expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein Bcl-2 (P < 0.001). Moreover, compared with free miR-196a inhibitor or miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA can more effectively inhibit tumor growth in vivo (P = 0.026).
Conclusion: The newly prepared self-assembly targeting system can effectively induce apoptosis and abrogate tumor growth, which may open a new approach for liver cancer treatment.
The pathogenesis of liver cancer is highly complex, and its occurrence and development are closely related to the abnormal multiple gene expression. Therefore, gene therapy of liver cancer has become an important direction in exploring new methods for clinical liver cancer treatment.1 Gene therapy refers to the process of introducing exogenous genes into target cells to treat diseases by compensating for gene defects, repairing gene abnormalities, and enhancing or inhibiting the expression of some genes. MicroRNA (miRNA) can regulate gene expression from multiple levels, thus exhibiting the capability to simultaneously regulate multiple gene proteins and plays multiple roles in liver cancer occurrence and development.2 The gene therapy of liver cancer with miRNA as the therapeutic target or agent has developed into a new strategy for malignant tumor treatment.3
A type of miRNA, miR-196a, participates in many important human life activities in cells, and the expression disorder is closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of tumors.4 As an oncogene, miR-196a plays an important role in promoting liver cancer invasion, metastasis, and progression. MiR-196a gene inhibition can effectively inhibit the occurrence and development of liver cancer, thereby providing a new target of treatment.
However, traditional anti-hepatoma drugs, such as small molecules, nucleic acids, and proteins, exhibit poor targeting capability and have side effects, which easily lead to recurrence, metastasis, and drug resistance. Additionally, the negative surface potential, hydrophilicity, and sensitivity to ribonuclease (RNase) degradation of nucleic acids limit their clinical applications.5,6 Deacetylated poly-N-acetylglucosamine (DEAC-PNAG) is a biodegradable biomaterial with good biocompatibility.7,8 DEAC-PNAG has a positive surface potential and can form electrostatic interaction with miRNA and other anionic nucleotides. Folic acid (FA) is a kind of vitamin with a small molecular weight. Compared with proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies, FA possessed positive physicochemical properties, low preparation cost, and low immunogenicity. Studies showed that the activity and quantity of folate receptors (FR) on tumor cell membranes are significantly higher than that of normal cells.9,10 FR-targeting therapy for cancer has some distinguished advantages, including high folate binding constant, folate modified system that significantly enhances anticancer agent affinity, and radiosensitizers to malignant tumor cells where FR was enriched.11-14
The current study developed a safe and effective miRNA-targeting vector based on self-assembly technology (Figure 1). The capability of miR-196a inhibitor-loaded DEAC-PNAG-FA (miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA) was tested to form a composite nanosystem and determine its anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo. The objectives of the present study are as follows: describe the characteristics of the self-assembly system, detect its protective capability against RNase, and evaluate the role of cellular uptake and cell function regulation. The self-assembly targeting system was also tested to treat xenograft tumors in mice to verify the therapeutic effects of miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA on liver cancer in vivo. This study aimed to provide new ideas and theoretical bases for clinical liver cancer treatment.
Fetal bovine serum (FBS), cell culture medium, and penicillin-streptomycin solution were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich (USA); miR-196a mimics and miR-196a inhibitor from Gene Chem, Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China); Cy3-labeled miR-196a from Beijing Solarbio Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China); HepG2 cells from American type culture collection (USA); and BALB/C Nude mice from Vital River (Beijing, China).
DEAC-PNAG (molecular weight: ~40000) was obtained from Aladdin Biochemical Technology Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China). DEAC-PNAG (150 mg) was weighed and stirred in a deionized solution for 8 h. Then, 10 ml of N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) (50 mg) and 10 ml of ethyl (dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC) (50 mg) were added. Subsequently, 5 mg of FA was added, pH was adjusted to 8, and the reaction was allowed to continue for 12 h. The reaction product was added into the dialysis bag (Molecular weight cutoff: 2000 Da) and dialyzed with PBS with a pH of 7.4 for 3 days (the medium was changed every 4 h) to remove the unreacted FA. Then dialysis with ultrapure water for 3 days (the medium was changed every 4h) to remove various inorganic salts. MiR-196a inhibitor (0.4–26 μg) was added to 110 μL of 50 mM sodium sulfate solution, followed by NaCl. The self-assembly process occurred for 15 min under normal temperature. The DEAC-PNAG-FA nano-polymer mixture was neutralized with 0.5 M NaOH and vortexed for 10 s. For the RNase A and encapsulation studies, the preparation was formed into granules via centrifugation (15000 rpm, 4 °C, 1 h, Frontier™5000MultiPro, German) for further analysis. The N/P ratio was calculated using the following formula:
N/P = (DEAC−PNAG *150-mole number of amino group)/ (miRNA*44 moles of the phosphoric acid group).
Four different proportions of DEAC-PNAG and miR-196a inhibitors were prepared, i.e., 14.4, 3.6, 0.9, and 0.45 μg of miR-196a I with ratios of 50:1, 200:1, 800:1, and 1600:1, respectively.
MiR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA nanoparticles were then suspended in sodium sulfate solution, ultrasound 5 min, and then placed on a copper grid, and covered with 2% uranyl acetate for 30 s. The samples were washed with ultrapure water, dried in a desiccator, and imaged using a JEOL-1010 transmission electron microscope (JEOL USA, Inc., USA). The size and zeta potential of the nanocomposites were measured via dynamic light scattering (DLS).
The combination of DEAC-PNAG and miR-196a inhibitor was detected using a 4% (w/v) agarose E-Gel® iBase™ system, forming nanocomposites, and adding 20 µl of samples to the gel. Electrophoresis was performed following the recommendations of iBase™. MiR-196a I bands were analyzed using a UVP imaging system (UVP BioDoc-It Imaging System, USA).
Free miR-196a was used to draw the standard curve to evaluate the encapsulation efficiency of DEAC-PNAG-RGD for miRNA. Different concentrations of miR-196a underwent electrophoresis for 30 min in 4% (w/v) Invitrogen E-Gel prefabricated agarose gel electrophoresis system. Simultaneously, 4% SDS-treated nanocomposites were dissolved in the same gel. A gel doc system was used to analyze the gel, and the standard curve was generated following the band strength. The entrapped RNA concentration was calculated.
The nanocomposites and free miR-196a inhibitor were treated with 0.18 μg of RNase A at 37°C for 1 h to evaluate the protective effect of DEAC-PNAG on miRNA. The composite nanoparticles were centrifuged (15000 rpm) and treated with 4 ml of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (0.20 M) for 10 min. The collected miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA nanoparticles were then suspended in 2% sodium dodecyl sulfate and placed for 30 min before conducting gel electrophoresis. The treated nanocomposites and free miR-196a inhibitor were subjected to gel electrophoresis for 30 min in Invitrogen E-Gel prefabricated agarose gel electrophoresis system and was then analyzed.
The cells were cultured in RPMI 1640 medium that was supplemented with 10% FBS for 3 days. HepG2 cells in the logarithmic growth phase were divided into three groups: miR-196a I, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG, and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA. The equivalent concentrations of miR-196a inhibitor were 120, 100, 80, 60, 40, and 20 nM. The drug-free group was used as the positive control, and each concentration was set with five parallel wells. After 24, 48, and 72 h of continuous culture, the MTT method was used for detection. The measured experimental data were inputted into GraphPad Prism 7 software for analysis and processing. Cell survival rate was calculated.
HepG2 cells were treated with miR-196a I, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG, and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA for 48 h. The equivalent concentrations of miR-196a inhibitor were 60 nM. The cells were washed twice with cold PBS and added 5 µl of Annexin V-FITC and incubated at 2 °C–8 °C for 15 min, 5 µl of PI was added, incubated at 2 °C–8 °C in dark for 5 min, and wash twice by the binding buffer solution. Flow cytometry was used to measure the apoptosis rate within 60 min after preparation, and Cell Quest software was used to analyze and calculate the data. The experiment was repeated three times and the average value was taken.
Cy3-labeled miR-196a I (Cy3-miR-196a I, red) was used for uptake and DAPI (blue) for re-staining. HepG2 cells were treated with miR-196a I, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG, and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA nanocomposites with a molar concentration of 60 nM for 4 h. The cells were washed with PBS and fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) for 20 min. After the PFA removal, DAPI FluoroQuest™ with an anti-fading fixing medium (AAT Bioquest, Inc., USA) was used and placed on a glass slide. Fluorescence images were obtained using an Eclipse Ti-E Inverted Microscope System (Nikon, Japan).
HepG2 cells were cultured in 96 wells with a density of 1.0 × 105 cells per well. The cells were cultured for 12 h and then treated with 25 μL of nano-suspension for 24 h. MiRNA was isolated using the miRNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen217004, Netherlands). The RNA integrity assessment used BioTek Gen5™ Take3™ software to read and analyze the data. With the miScript II RT Kit (QIAGEN, Netherlands), 1 μg of miRNA was used for complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis. The cDNA products were amplified using the QuantiNova SYBR Green PCR Kit. RT-PCR system (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc., USA) was used to evaluate the change of miR-196a in HepG2 cells, whereas RNU6B for internal control. RT-PCR primers were synthesized by Guangzhou Ruibo Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (China). Primers used in this study are shown in Table 1.
Hep2G cells were seeded in six-well plates and incubated with nanocomposites containing 1.0 μg of miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA at a ratio of 200:1 for 48 h. RIPA buffer with protease inhibitor and phosphatase inhibitor (Biyuntian, China) was used for pyrolysis and a BCA protein assay kit (Biyuntian, China) to determine the total protein concentration. After the electrophoresis at a constant pressure of 120 V to the bottom of the separation gel, it was transferred to the nitrocellulose membrane and sealed for 2 h. Then, 1:1000 diluted Ki76, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), FOXO1, Bax, and Bcl-2 or 1:3000 diluted Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) antibodies (CST Company, USA) were added. Then, incubated overnight at 4 °C and washed three times with PBST for 15 min each time. Subsequently, a secondary antibody IRDye (1:10000) was added for 1 h. The sample was washed three times with PBST, and its color was developed using an electrochemiluminescence reagent. The sample was exposed, and photographs were taken.
After the Hep2G cell resuscitation, the cells in the logarithmic growth stage were taken, digested with pancreatin, collected in a centrifuge tube, centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 5 min, discarded the supernatant, and washed twice with PBS. The cells were resuspended with PBS and counted with a cell counting plate for a cell density of 2 × 107 cell/ml in suspension.
BALB/C nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with 100 μl of cell suspension. After the skin disinfection of nude mice, 100 μl cell suspension was subcutaneously inoculated on the back of the neck using a 1 ml syringe. The subcutaneous tumor of nude mice was round, regular, and easy to observe and measure. One week after inoculation, 24 tumor-bearing mice with clear tumor boundaries and uniform tumor diameter were randomly divided into 4 groups according to tumor volume (TV). The groups are as follows (6 mice per group): miR-196a I, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA, and saline group. The injection dose of miR-196a I in each group was at 1.2 nmol per mouse, every 3 days, by tail vein for 21 consecutive days. The Ethics Committee of Shanxi Bethune Hospital approved the experiment and supervised and guided the whole experimental process (No.201909034).
The TV and the weight of mice were measured every 3 days. Before administration, the TV was measured with a vernier caliper. Until the end of the administration, the average value of each group was taken and the tumor growth curve was drawn. At the end of the experiment, the mice were euthanized, the tumor was completely dissected and weighed, and the tumor inhibition rate was calculated according to the formula TV: V = (L × W2)/2, where W and L represent the width and length of the tumor, respectively. The evaluation index of antitumor activity in tumor inhibition rate = (Wc × Wt) ÷Wc × 100%, in which Wc and Wt represent tumor weight of control group and administration group, respectively. Relative TV (RTV) = Vt/Vo, in which Vo is the TV measured during caged administration and Vt is the TV measured at each time.
GraphPad Prism 7 software was used for data processing, and data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. The Shapiro–Wilk test showed that data had a normal distribution. Statistically significant differences between 3 or more groups were analyzed using the one-way analysis of variance followed by multiple comparisons using Dunnett’s T3 test. The power calculation was performed based on the multiple Dunnett test (α = 0.05, β = 0.2). According to our primer experimental setup (6 treatments with 6 replicates, 12 controls for miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA groups), the effect size of 0.1438 and statistical power of 0.8607 was estimated. Statistical analyses were performed using International Business Machines Statistical Package for the Social Sciences v23.0 with the significance level set at α = 0.05.
MiR-196a I degradation was observed in the RNase A incubated groups (60 min co-culture) at N/P ratios of 50:1, 200:1, and 800:1, whereas significant degradation was observed in the RNase A incubated groups at an N/P ratio of 1600:1 (Figure 2a, Table 2). Density analysis showed that DEAC-PNAG-FA at N/P ratios of 50:1, 200:1, and 800:1 protected nearly 90% of miRNA from degradation (Figure 2a, Table 2). Agarose gel electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that miR-196a I was completely bound to DEAC-PNAG-FA at all concentrations and could not migrate through the gel matrix (Figure 2b). The 200:1 and 800:1 N/P ratio groups revealed that approximately 80% of miR-196a inhibitor was encapsulated, whereas approximately 55%–65% of miR-196a I in the 50:1 and 1600:1 N/P ratio groups (Figure 2c). Then, the 200:1 N/P ratio group was characterized. Based on the DLS analysis, the DEAC-PNAG-FA polymer was observed as round or oval, with an average particle size of approximately 74 nm (Figure 2e), a zeta potential of +21.4 mV, and a polydispersity index of 0.162, indicating that miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA exhibited high dispersion. Transmission electron microscopy imaging further confirmed that the 200:1 N/P ratio group was spherical and monodisperse (Figure 2d).
Figure 3a shows that the cell survival rates of miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA were significantly decreased (p = 0.923, p = 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.005, p = 0.002, p = 0.010 from concentration 20nM to 120nM, respectively) compared with that of free miR-196a I at corresponding concentrations. Meanwhile, the cell survival rate of the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA group was significantly decreased (p = 0.039, p = 0.004, p = 0.001 at time for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively) in a time-dependent manner compared with that of the miR-196a I /DEAC-PNAG group (Figures 3a and 3b).
The Apoptosis Rates of the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA groups were significantly increased (p = 0.003) compared with that of miR-196a inhibitor (Figures 3c and 3d). Meanwhile, the apoptosis rate of the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA group was significantly increased (p = 0.014) compared with that of the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG group (Figures 3c and 3d). After the FA incorporation, the enhancement of apoptosis induction was consistent with the cytotoxicity test results.
Fluorescent-labeled miRNA-196a I-Cy3, miRNA-196a I-Cy3/DEAC-PNAG, and miRNA-196a I-Cy3/DEAC-PNAG-FA complexes were cultured with Hep2G cells for 4 h to confirm the cell uptake of anti-miRNA promotion by the nanocomposites. Cy3 positive cells were observed in the 200:1 N/P ratio group. Contrarily, no Cy3 fluorescence was observed in the cells that were incubated only with miR-196a I-Cy3 (Figure 4a). Meanwhile, the cell uptake capability of FA-loaded nanoparticles was significantly enhanced (P < 0.047).
RT-PCR was performed to further quantify the delivery of miRNA I and mimics after Hep2G cell treatment with the nanocomposites. The expression of miR-196a I in the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA group was significantly lower than that in the control group (Figure 4b). Meanwhile, the miR-196a mimics/DEAC-PNAG-FA group significantly increased the expression of miR-196a (Figure 4c). These data indicate that the DEAC-PNAG complex can effectively deliver miRNA to change its expression in vitro, and the addition of FA enhances the delivery of the DEAC-PNAG complex.
The Western blot results are presented in Figure 5. All proteins were corrected based on the internal reference protein GAPDH. MiR-196a I can significantly upregulate pro-apoptotic protein FOXO1 (Figure 5a) and Bax (Figure 5b) expression levels and downregulate the expression of apoptosis inhibitory protein Bcl-2 (Figure 5c) after 48 h of treatment with miR-196a I at a concentration of 60 nM and the nano system with the same concentration of miR-196a I (P < 0.05). Additionally, along with the downregulation of miR-196a, the expression of cell proliferation-related proteins Ki76 (Figure 5d) and PCNA (Figure 5e) were decreased. Compared with the free drug group, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG can improve the regulatory effect of miR-196a I on apoptotic proteins (Figure 5f, FOXO1 [P < 0.001], Bax [P < 0.001], Ki67 [P < 0.001], PCNA [P < 0.001], and Bcl-2 [P < 0.001). Additionally, the FA introduction enhanced the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG regulation on apoptotic proteins (Figure 5f, FOXO1 [P < 0.001], Bax [P < 0.001], Ki67 [P < 0.001], PCNA [P < 0.001], and Bcl-2 [P < 0.001]). This finding is consistent with the RT-PCR results.
The tumor inhibition rate of the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA group was 71.9%, which was significantly higher than that of 58.7% in miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG and 43.3% in the miR-196a I groups (p = 0.002) (Figure 6 a, b). In this study, 100 μl of cell suspension was subcutaneously inoculated on the back of BALB/C nude mice, the weight of mice in the saline group rapidly increased, and the weight of mice in miR-196a I, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG, and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA groups decreased in varying degrees, of which miR-196a I decreased the most due to drug toxicity, while the drug-loaded DEAC-PNAG-FA nano complex alleviated the toxicity of miR-196a I to mice (Figure 6c). The TV on the back of mice continuously increased with time. In the free miR-196a I group, the growth trend of TV in the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA group decreased significantly (Figure 6d). The latter has the highest antitumor effects (p = 0.017).
At present, many groups of clinical and experimental data have reported the regulatory role and mechanism of miR-196a in liver cancer pathogenesis. MiR-196a is highly expressed in the tissues and serum of patients with liver cancer, which is abnormally increased due to hepatitis B and C viruses.15,16 Darda et al.17 found that miR-196a affects the expression of p53, hoxb9, and Hoxb8 miRNA and proteins in hepatoma cells and plays the role of a tumor-promoting factor. Yang et al.18 found miR-196a was highly expressed in the hepatoma cell lines Huh7, MHCC-97H, Hep3B, HepG2, and SMMC-7721 compared with human normal primary hepatocytes, and the miR-196a mechanism was further explored by transfecting the miR-196a I and its negative control. The miR-196a expression reduces the activity and clone-forming capability of cancer cells, promotes apoptosis, and inhibits the invasion and metastasis of cancer cells. This biological process is achieved through the targeted regulation of FoxO1 by miR-196a. These results indicate that miR-196a plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the expression of a variety of downstream genes.
MiRNA therapy requires an effective platform to introduce miRNA into cells.19,20 At present, a nanometer system, including PLGA, liposomes, and graphene oxide, has been applied to miRNA loading. However, the application value is limited due to the complex assembly and low efficiency of nucleic acid transfer in vivo and in vitro.21-23 The DEAC-PNAG polymer exhibits potential advantages as a miRNA delivery platform in cancer. As a miRNA carrier, the DEAC-PNAG polymer can effectively embed miRNA and protect it from RNase degradation, which is extremely important to ensure the stability of miRNA in vivo environment. Additionally, the nanocomposite diameter (~200 nm) enables it to avoid absorption by the liver and the reticuloendothelial system during circulation. Meanwhile, its cationic zeta potential indicates that it exhibits moderate stability.24,25 However, its targeting effect is limited, thus modifying the drug delivery system is necessary to improve its targeting capability.
FR is a glycoprotein linked to the cell membrane by glycosylphosphatidylinositol, which can bind and transcribe folate and its derivatives on the cell surface. In vivo, FR mainly exists in three subtypes: FRα, FRβ, and FRγ. Among them, the expression of FRα has a clear tissue specificity and selectivity and is lowly expressed in healthy cells, tissues, and organs but highly expressed in most tumor tissues and cells, such as liver, cervical, breast, brain, colon, rectal, etc.26,27 Combining the carrier with FA to selectively inhibit cancer cells, in which FRα is highly expressed, can greatly reduce the side effects of traditional chemotherapy drugs and achieve drug targeting effect.28 The current study used FA-modified DEAC-PNAG particles as the research object to optimize a DEAC-PNAG-FA nanosystem that exhibits tumor-targeting to achieve a targeted nanosystem with high drug loading and gene protection.
Our data indicate that the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA complex can effectively transfer anti-miRNA into cells, leading to cell function changes. A significant correlation was found between the number of delivered anti-miRNA in cells and the increased expression level of miR-196a in HepG2 cells. The 200:1 N/P ratio of the nanocomposite can provide the best anti-miRNA protection and generate good anti-miRNA activity in cells. Studies showed that a nanosystem with a low concentration of miRNA may hinder the release of miRNA from the nanocomposites, resulting in miRNA functional damage.29 Notably, the concentration of 200:1 self-assembly system can deliver complete anti-miRNA to cells and allow anti-miRNA to be separated from the complex and inhibit the gene expression of miR-196a.
MiRNA is a highly conserved small RNA molecule that regulates gene expression and has a gene regulatory function that regulates the expression of multiple downstream genes after transcription.30-32 Our study results showed that miR-196a inhibitor was delivered into the hepatoma cells by the targeting nanosystem, and the expression level of miR-196a was significantly downregulated, which can significantly downregulate Bcl-2, Ki76, and PCNA, and upregulate the expression levels of FOXO1 and Bax (P < 0.05). Compared with the free drug group, miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA can improve the regulatory effect of miR-196a I on cell proliferation and apoptosis proteins (P < 0.05). Additionally, the introduction of FA enhanced the regulation of miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA (P < 0.05). This finding is significantly correlated with the aforementioned results. Xenograft nude mice model was subcutaneously injected with HepG2 cells and then intravenously with miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA to prove the therapeutic effect in vivo. Compared with free miR-196a inhibitor and miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG, the miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA showed higher tumor-killing efficiency.
In conclusion, DEAC-PNAG-FA nano-systems are feasible miRNA vectors. The miR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA nanocomposite improves the stability of miRNA and cell uptake, allowing miRNA to be separated from the complex, inhibiting miR-196a translation, and regulating the expression of apoptotic proteins. MiR-196a I/DEAC-PNAG-FA has higher efficiency on inhibiting TV and weight compared to free miR-196a inhibitors in the xenotransplantation animal model. This study indicates that DEAC-PNAG-FA is a feasible miRNA vector, which may provide a new and effective method for liver cancer treatment.
Ethics Committee Approval: The Ethics Committee of Shanxi Bethune Hospital approved the experiment and supervised and guided the whole experimental process (No.201909034).
Patient Consent for Publication: Since no clinic experiments have been involved in current study, it unlikely for us to provide the patient consent.
Data Sharing Statement: Author elects to not share data.
Author Contributions: Concept – X.L.; Design – X.L.; Data Collection or Processing: Y.H.; Literature Search–X.L.; Writing – Y.H.
Conflict of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
Funding: 2017-397-08 Advanced Program of the Science and Technology Activities for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars in Shanxi Province; 2016-123 Research Project Supported by Shanxi Scholarship Council of China.
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